![]() Capnography: increased exhaled carbon dioxide (readings greater than 45 mmHg).Adventitious sounds: stridor, wheezing, rales and rhonchi.The sound of no air movement (silent chest).Signs of compensation: tachypnea, tachycardia.Stridor: the sound of restricted air movement in the upper airway.Can be caused by hypoxia and high levels of carbon dioxide (consider a broad spectrum of mental status changes, from agitation/anxiety to lethargy and unconsciousness).Obvious airway obstruction (foreign bodies or liquid).Failure of the muscles of respiration as increased demand and overall respiratory challenge outpace the ability to supply oxygen to them.Respiratory decompensation after prolonged compensation for a respiratory challenge.Conditions such as seizures or brain injury that challenge the ability to keep an airway open or maintain adequate breathing.Volume problems leading to inadequate breathing-example: collapsed lung (pneumothorax).Rate problems leading to inadequate minute volume-example: very slow breathing as with narcotic overdose.Requires adequate blood flow to the cells (perfusion).Internal respiration: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from blood to the cells of the body.Requires adequate blood flow to pulmonary capillaries.External respiration: The exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide from air to blood at the level of the alveoli.Alveolar ventilation: The amount of air that reaches the alveoli during ventilation.Oxygen is transported on the red blood cell by the hemoglobin molecule.Perfusion: Adequate blood flow to the body cells that allows the proper delivery of oxygen and nutrients and the adequate removal of waste products.Or, get all the Premium resources plus your choice of audio lessons (covering the full EMT curriculum) or the famed Paramedic PASS app, with a Premium Plus membership. For dozens of other study guides, plus NREMT practice tests, live online review sessions, video content and more, subscribe to a Premium membership. Study Center > Premium Preview > Airway Care Study Guide This airway study guide is a free preview.
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